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Question
I design instruments that use laser light. How can you help me?
Non-Profit, Retail, Travel and Lodging
Many of the online directories focus towards one market segment or audience profile. Here, we target the "best in class" for each of the served markets by industry leaders in their respective fields. Find a category that you feel is most relevant to the content of your site, or that attracts a customer demographic you wish to reach. Provide a title and URL and submit to this directory.
Offers a range of products and services for markets including Wedding Shoes, Wedding Sandals, Bridal Shoes. Coloriffics Shoes- Speen and Co. has been a member since 2009 in the Clothing and Accessories directory.
Provides full-service adult diaper, plasticpants, products for incontinence services for customers needing needing incontinence protection for day-to-day living and comfort. Visit http://www.driwear.com/ to take advantage of our special rates today.
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Retailer of rubberpants, plastic wear, adult baby. Located in the Clothing and Accessories directory since 2011, Fetware strives to provide superior service and sell the highest quality products.
Find out where you can get MA persian Rug Cleaning, NH oriental rugs, persian and oriental rugs, persian carpets, NH oriental rug cleaning. Since 2010, Persian Rugs of Nashua, NH has been listed in the Gifts Arts and Other directory.
Category: Ma Persian Rug Cleaning, Nh Oriental Rugs, Persian And Oriental Rugs, Persian Carpets, Nh Oriental Rug Cleaning
Burkart Flutes is a premiere flute and piccollo company. Their custom flutes are designed by award-winning artists for bringing out the best in classical, jazz and other styles with flair.
Category: Professional Flute, Custom Piccolo, Flute And Piccolo Headjoint
As an institution, SPF Foundation has been a good corporate sponsor for the MA charitable foundation industry. A member of the directory since 2002 in the Non-Profit section.
Cambodian League is a registered member in the Non-Profit vertical market and services the area's needs. Visit us at http://host.web-print-design.com/cambodian to see how we're helping our clients every day.
Specialized in Associations Foundations and Non-Profit with operations and headquarters in MA, East Coast Jazz is a leading national provider of youth jazz competitions. Directory listing since 2004.
Affordable Associations Foundations and Non-Profit service that provide opportunities to see improv theater. Customized to your requirements by Merrimack Repertory Theatre.
http://host.web-print-design.com/SBCA allows users to search for the best DC Non-Profit for the ideal dish tv, direct TV, satellite internet company as a community partner.
Specialize in Wedding Shoes, Wedding Sandals, Bridal Shoes. Special Events Bridal Shoppe has, since 2007, been listed in the Clothing and Accessories directory.
Provides full-service adult diaper, plasticpants, products for incontinence services for customers needing incontinence protection for day-to-day living and comfort. Visit http://www.driwear.com/ to take advantage of our special rates today.
Category: Adult Diaper, Plasticpants, Products For Incontinence
Retailer of rubberpants, plastic wear, adult baby. Located in the Clothing and Accessories directory since 2011, Fetware strives to provide superior service and sell the highest quality products.
KissMe Lingerie is a registered member in the Retail vertical market and services the area's needs. Visit us at http://host.web-print-design.com/kissme to see how we're helping our clients every day.
Providing a complete range of Clothing and Accessories, SPL Jewelry Sales has been a good corporate sponsor for the CT Retail board. A senior member of this listing since 2000 in the Retail vertical.
Providers of Clothing and Accessories-related services and is located in MA for individuals and corporations looking for local screen printing services. Look to Velocity Screen Printing to solve your larger print production problems.
Distributor with worldwide sales capacity and industrial supply, Westford China in the Retail market sells and services military memorabilia and promotional items in MA, and has been a member since 2001.
Category: Military Decals, Mugs And Other Promotional Products
BoxCarz is a registered member in the Retail vertical market and services the area's needs. Visit us at http://host.web-print-design.com/boxcarz to see how we're helping our clients every day.
Provides a complete range of Retail products for sale, new and used. Located in MA, Caspers Faux Glass services a broad range of retail, business, and institutional clients. Filed with Gifts Arts and Other.
Providing a complete range of Gifts Arts and Other, Gold to Green has been a good corporate sponsor for the MA Retail board. A senior member of this listing since 2008 in the Retail vertical.
Company profile and product/services listings found at http://host.web-print-design.com/holiday. Specializing in the gifts for school fundraising industry, they are part of the Retail Gifts Arts and Other section of the directory.
North American scientific and laboratory equipment company that manufactures vending and arcade equipment. Since 1999, Token Sales has been listed in the Gifts Arts and Other directory.
Yim Trading provides fantastic values on all the latest decorating trends in the Retail market. Specializes in porcelain figurines. Located in MA, Yim Trading has been an Affordable Gifts Arts and Other supplier since 2000.
Distributor with worldwide sales capacity and industrial supply, Brannen Flutes in the Retail market sells and services flutes and piccolos in MA, and has been a member since 2002.
LVI is a registered member in the Retail vertical market and services the area's needs. Visit us at http://host.web-print-design.com/lvi to see how we're helping our clients every day.
Burkart Flutes is a premiere flute and piccollo company. Their custom flutes are designed by award-winning artists for bringing out the best in classical, jazz and other styles with flair.
Category: Professional Flute, Custom Piccolo, Flute And Piccolo Headjoint
Doggie Day provides fantastic values on all the latest animal care trends in the Retail market. Specializes in pet sitting services. Located in MA, Doggie Day has been an Corporate Music and Other Consumer supplier since 2000.
Online retailer of online gaming. Located in the Music and Other Consumer directory since 2004, International Global Gaming Federation strives to provide superior service and sell the highest quality products.
Rizzoli Publishing is a registered member in the Retail vertical market and services the area's needs. Visit us at http://host.web-print-design.com/greek-files to see how we're helping our clients every day.
As one of the area's privately-owned Retail corporations, Perseus Athletics in MA Retail provides Sports medicine, posture training. Member since 2009.
Company profile and product/services listings found at http://host.web-print-design.com/rocky. Specializing in the trail rides industry, they are part of the Retail Sports and Health section of the directory.
Shop SAJA Farms in the Sports and Health category to find the best deals in MA for farmer market, food organic, food natural organic, MA, Massachusetts.
Christine's Day Spa is a registered member in the Retail vertical market and services the area's needs. Visit us at http://host.web-print-design.com/christine to see how we're helping our clients every day.
Specializes in Sports and Health with operations and headquarters in MA, SkiMarket is a leading national provider of Alpine and cross country ski supplies Directory listing since 2004.
Fortunato's Restaurant is an Lowell Italian restaurant and has been a member of the restaurant section since 1999 in the MA Hotels and Restaurants section.
Provides full-service NH Hotel, Lakes Region, Shopping services for customers needing hotel lodging services. Visit http://host.web-print-design.com/tilton-hampton to take advantage of our special rates today.
Tyngs Tavern is a registered member in the Travel and Lodging vertical market and services the area's needs. Visit us at http://host.web-print-design.com/tyngs to see how we're helping our clients every day.
Provides a complete range of Retail car dealer products for sale, new and used. Located in MA, Haverhill Motors services a broad range of retail, business, and institutional clients. Filed with Transport and Logistics
Answer
Over 70% of our business is to OEM accounts. Click on the link to our
OEM Capabilities page to learn more. Then
contact us so that we might propose a laser to meet your needs. Our
staff of optical, electrical, and mechanical engineers is experienced
in devising and implementing practical and cost-effective laser solutions.
Question
What is a nitrogen laser?
Answer
The word laser is an acronym of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission
of Radiation. A laser consists of a cavity filled with lasable material
and fitted with mirrors at both ends. The molecules of a lasable material
are capable of being excited or pumped to a semistable state by an electric
discharge or light. The light emitted by a molecule as it drops back
to the ground state releases light from other nearby, excited molecules.
Light oscillates back and forth between the mirrors and continually
increases in intensity. If one mirror is made to transmit part of the
light, a brilliant beam of highly monochromatic, coherent radiation
is emitted through the mirror. In our nitrogen lasers, a spark gap excites
or pumps the nitrogen gas molecules in the laser cavity. The laser produces
pulsed radiation at 337.1 nm in the UV.
Question
Why is the nitrogen laser pulsed?
Answer
When nitrogen molecules are pumped to the excited state, they de-excite
first to an intermediate excited state and then to the ground state.
The upper excited state of nitrogen has an extremely short lifetime
(40 ns) compared to the intermediate level (10 µs). By rapid pumping
with a fast spark gap switch, the upper level is momentarily populated.
Because the lower level has a much longer lifetime, it soon dominates
and stops the laser amplification. The excited state is repopulated
by the spark gap and laser radiation is produced again until the lower
level once again dominates. Our nitrogen lasers deliver pulses on the
order of 4 ns in duration.
Question
How can I use a pulsed laser when my experiment requires CW (continuous
wave) radiation?
Answer
We would like you to talk to us about your application. In many cases,
pulsed sources have advantages. A pulsed laser can deliver much greater
peak power than a CW laser of comparable size. The pulsed laser can
produce the desired effect such as laser induced fluorescence or ablation
(microsurgery), but because the laser is off most of the time, damage
to the sample matrix is sharply reduced or eliminated. Because the source
is pulsed or modulated, the sample signal can often be separated from
other signals such as noise or fluorescence. In such a case, detection
limits can be drastically decreased. Materials can be detected at lower
concentrations and smaller samples can be measured. Our technical staff
can help you configure a system for your experiment. We have experience
in detecting pulsed light. Please talk to us before you decide.
Question
How can I detect pulsed light?
Answer
There are many ways to detect pulsed light. Fast detectors such as photodiodes
and PMTs (photomultiplier tubes) can detect individual pulses from our
lasers. A gated integrator connected to the detector captures the detector
response. The laser and the gated integrator are simultaneously triggered
from a TTL pulse. As an example, the laser radiation may interact with
a sample to produce fluorescence. When the fluorescent emission strikes
the detector, the gated integrator captures the total photocurrent during
the fluorescence decay. Again, we will be happy to help you configure
a system to perform your experiments.
Question
How long will my laser last?
Answer
Laser energy output decreases with both time and usage. Our nitrogen
plasma cartridges are warranted to maintain at least 70% of their energy
for twenty million pulses or two years, whichever occurs first. Our
µ-TEA CO2 plasma cartridge has a warranted lifetime of greater
than 5 million shots or one year, whichever occurs first. Replacement
plasma cartridges include all the components that deteriorate with usage:
energy storage capacitors, the switching element, the plasma tube and
mirrors, the electrodes, and the preionizers. Once the plasma cartridge
is replaced, the laser performs like new again, and at a fraction of
the cost!
Question
What is the relationship between energy, average power, and peak power?
Answer
A nitrogen laser output waveform taken from an oscilloscope is shown
below. This waveform represents laser output power as a function of
time. The highest point on the waveform is the peak power and is specified
as 75 kW for our VSL-337ND-S nitrogen laser. The waveform is roughly
triangular in shape. The pulse width is given as 4 ns FWHM (Full Width
Half Maximum), which means the measurement points are taken at the half-power
points of the waveform.
The
total power under the waveform curve or the integrated power in
the pulse represents the laser energy, specified at 300 µJ for
the VSL-337ND-S. The average power represents the average value
of the laser power waveform from the beginning of one pulse to
the beginning of the next. As pulse repetition rate is increased,
the pulses occur closer together, but the pulse size and shape
are unchanged. Therefore average power increases with pulse repetition
rate.
The
peak power is the energy divided by the pulse width. For the VSL-337ND-S:
300 µJ / 4ns = 75kW
VSL-337ND-S
nitrogen laser output waveform.
Question
How can I measure pulse energy?
Answer
Laser energy is commonly measured with a joule meter or a power meter.
A power meter is used for CW (continuous wave) lasers. Typically the
electronics in a power meter are not fast enough to capture the short
(4 ns) pulse from our nitrogen lasers. A joule meter along with a pyroelectric
detector are used to measure pulse energy on our nitrogen lasers. This
combined system must have the sensitivity to measure microjoules of
pulse energy, frequencies up to 60 Hz, be appropriate for the wavelength
you are measuring, and have a large enough detective head to capture
the entire beam. Proper placement of the detector in the laser beam
path is critical. It should be placed at a small angle, so the laser
beam is not reflected back into the laser, resulting in an inaccurate,
unstable energy measurement.
Question
How small of a spot size can I focus my laser down to?
Answer
The focused spot size depends on the wavelength of laser light, the
beam divergence of the laser, and the focal length of the lens. An aberration
corrected microscope objective is used for achieving the smallest spots.
With such a lens, our VSL-337ND-S nitrogen laser with output at 337
nm and a beam divergence of 0.3 mrad, can be focused to less than 1
µm. Our dye lasers have a beam divergence of 4 mrads. A dye laser tuned
to 500 nm can be focused to a spot of about 8 µm.
Question
Can you attach your laser to my microscope?
Answer
To use our laser to microscope adapters, the microscope must have an
EPI port or EPI-fluorescence illuminator. Our laser to microscope adapters
attach to the EPI port. The microscope filter cube must have a dichroic
mirror that reflects the laser wavelength to the sample and a barrier
filter to block any laser light reflected to the eyepiece. The exciter
filter is removed. We offer a mirror housing that accommodates the attachment
of multiple light sources to the EPI port. Because we customize each
laser to microscope adapter, we will send you a Microscope Measurement
Kit and ask you to make a few simple determinations. This way we can
select the optimum optical components to attach our laser to your microscope.
To learn more go to the Microbeam
System page or contact us directly.
