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Question I design instruments that use laser light. How can you help me?



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Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement, Corporate Services

Many of the online directories focus towards one market segment or audience profile. Here, we target the "best in class" for each of the served markets by industry leaders in their respective fields. Find a category that you feel is most relevant to the content of your site, or that attracts a customer demographic you wish to reach. Provide a title and URL and submit to this directory.

Corporate Business

Business web directory and online Internet marketing center, offering powerful promotion opportunities to your business and website. Maximize traffic to your website by submitting to the directory. Categorized in 7 main groups, including Consulting, Manufacturing, Internet Services, Professionals, Health, Pharmaceutical, Software & Telecommunications and Transportation.

Real Estate and Home Improvement

A real estate related sites and services directory, related articles and real estate directories list. This category also includes a comprehensive home improvement directory related to home decor and home improvement resources and information. Remodeling, real estate brokers, and property management firms are located here.

Brokers & Agents

Provides full-service new hampshire vacation, cottage rentals NH, ski vacation services for customers needing a large property to entertain family and friends. Visit http://www.nhcottagerentals.com to take advantage of our special rates today.

Category: New Hampshire Vacation, Cottage Rentals Nh, Ski Vacation

Construction

Offers home improvement products that includes kitchen remodeling, bathroom updates. Since 2005, Better Homes Corporation has been listed in the Home Improvement directory.

Category: Kitchen Remodeling, Bathroom Updates

Better Homes Corporation offer our customers the greatest possible values on quality home remodeling, home construction services. Member since 2005.

Category: Home Remodeling, Home Construction

http://www.home-remodeling.org allows users to search for the best OH Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement company for the ideal home improvement, home remodeling ideas, home remodeling plans as a community partner.

Category: Home Improvement, Home Remodeling Ideas, Home Remodeling Plans

drywall, sheetrock

Category: Drywall, Sheetrock

Tompkins Landscaping- 2009 is committed to strengthening the Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement industry through collective support, services, and leadership in providing landscaping, sprinklers, irrigation and snow plowing massachusetts. Located in MA, Tompkins Landscaping- 2009 has been an Affordable Home Improvement supplier since 2009.

Category: Landscaping, Sprinklers, Irrigation And Snow Plowing Massachusetts

Provides and services commercial snow plowing, snow removal, plowing. Found in the Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement, Home Improvement group in this directory.

Category: Commercial Snow Plowing, Snow Removal, Plowing

Transformer Service, Inc.With over 50 years of experience, Transformer Service, Inc. offers complete testing, maintenance and repair services to electrical substation and distribution equipment including transformers, regulators, reclosers, switchgear, circuit breakers and relays to customers throughout the U.S. Specialties include transformers, regulators, reclosers. Directory partner since 2013.

Category: Electric Generator, Diesel Generator, Transfer Switch

Yestramski supplies diesel generators like mobile, standby and prime diesel generators Specialties include electric generator, diesel generator, transfer switch. Directory partner since 2009.

Category: Electric Generator, Diesel Generator, Transfer Switch

Home Improvement

OPEN

Management & Repairs

Offers a range of Management and Repairs solutions in the Greater MA market, with locations throughout the region.

Category: Boiler Replacement, Water Filtration, Plumbing Contractors, Boiler Repair

Shop Reliable Exteriors in the Management and Repairs category to find the best deals in GA.

Category: Management And Repairs

Real Estate and Home Improvement

A real estate related sites and services directory, related articles and real estate directories list. This category also includes a comprehensive home improvement directory related to home decor and home improvement resources and information. Remodeling, real estate brokers, and property management firms are located here.

Brokers & Agents

Offers a range of Brokers and Agents solutions in the Greater MA market, with locations throughout the region.

Category: Buyer Broker Ma, Buyer Agent Ma, Real Estate Agent Ma

Providers of Brokers and Agents-related services and is located in MA for individuals and corporations looking for commercial real estate services. Look toHowland Development to solve those complex transactional details.

Category: Brokers And Agents

Specialized in Brokers and Agents with operations and headquarters in MA, Homes by Christine is a leading national provider of Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement real estate brokerage management. Directory listing since 2000.

Category: Brokers And Agents

Woods Real Estate is a registered member in the Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement vertical market and services the area's needs. Visit us at http://host.web-print-design.com/woods to see how we're helping our clients every day.

Category: Brokers And Agents

As one of the area's privately-owned Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement services corporations, Liakos Real Estate in MA Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement services to its customers in the areas of new homes construction and real estate sales. Member since 2006.

Category: Brokers And Agents

Provides full-service new hampshire vacation, cottage rentals NH, ski vacation services for customers needing a large property to entertain family and friends. Visit http://www.nhcottagerentals.com to take advantage of our special rates today.

Category: New Hampshire Vacation, Cottage Rentals Nh, Ski Vacation

Park Avenue Development has been a trusted partner for MA Brokers and Agents fellow firms since 2002, providing sound resource management for Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement members.

Category: Brokers And Agents

R E-Max - Nancy Rogers

Category: Real Estate

Commercial real estate services company with operations in MA providing collateral assessment and title and closing industries the services they need. Initially a member of this listing since 2000. Member of the Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement group.

Category: Brokers And Agents

Based in MA, Mass Buyer Agents provides Lexington Real Estate as a Brokers and Agents real estate association.

Category: Lexington Real Estate

Home Improvement

panel wainscoting, wainscot panel

Category: Panel Wainscoting, Wainscot Panel

Northern Fences is a registered member in the Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement vertical market and services the area's needs. Visit us at http://host.web-print-design.com/avinyl to see how we're helping our clients every day.

Category: Home Improvement

Provides and services commercial snow plowing, snow removal, plowing. Found in the Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement, Home Improvement group in this directory.

Category: Commercial Snow Plowing, Snow Removal, Plowing

Find out where you can get ADT Security home security products. Since 2000, ADT Security has been listed in the Home Improvement directory.

Category: Adt Security Home Security Products

HomeWorks

Category: Home Remodeling And Improvement

drywall, sheetrock

Category: Drywall, Sheetrock

Deco Moldings provides fantastic values on all the latest decorating trends in the Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement market. Specializes in wall panel, wainscoting, wall paneling. Located in NV, Deco Moldings has been an Affordable Home Improvement supplier since 2005.

Category: Wall Panel, Wainscoting, Wall Paneling

Nashua, NH Plumbing Services. Masi Plumbing has, since 2009, been listed in the Home Improvement directory.

Category: Nashua, Nh Plumbing Services

Affordable Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement that provides wells massachusetts, hydrofracturing massachusetts, water wells and pumps massachusetts MA. Customized to your requirements by Ogden Wells of MA.

Category: Wells Massachusetts, Hydrofracturing Massachusetts, Water Wells And Pumps Massachusetts Ma

Bathroom Showcase in Nashua, NH. Masi Plumbing has been a member since 2009 in the Home Improvement directory.

Category: Bathroom Showcase In Nashua, Nh

Tomkins House is committed to strengthening the Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement industry through collective support, services, and leadership in providing landscaping, sprinklers, irrigation and snow plowing massachusetts. Located in MA, Tomkins House has been an Affordable Home Improvement supplier since 2009.

Category: Landscaping, Sprinklers, Irrigation And Snow Plowing Massachusetts

Tompkins Landscaping & Irrigation offer our customers the greatest possible values on quality Residential & Commercial Irrigation Watering Solutions services. Member since 2015.

Category: Residential & Commercial Irrigation Watering Solutions

Provides full-service Low Cost Lawn Watering services for customers. Visit http://lowcostirrigation.net to take advantage of our special rates today.

Category: Low Cost Lawn Watering

Provides full-service Discount Sprinklers & Lawn Watering services for customers needing landscaping and property maintenance services. Visit http://lowcostsprinkler.net to take advantage of our special rates today.

Category: Discount Sprinklers & Lawn Watering

Tompkins Landscaping- 2009 is committed to strengthening the Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement industry through collective support, services, and leadership in providing landscaping, sprinklers, irrigation and snow plowing massachusetts. Located in MA, Tompkins Landscaping- 2009 has been an Affordable Home Improvement supplier since 2009.

Category: Landscaping, Sprinklers, Irrigation And Snow Plowing Massachusetts

Providers of Home Improvement-related services and is located in MA for corporations looking for Landscape Design. Look toTompkins Landscaping & Irrigation to solve those complex management details.

Category: Landscape Design

Tompkins Landscaping & Irrigation is a registered member in the Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement vertical market and services the area's Landscaping Services needs. Visit us at http://tompkinscorp.net to see how we're helping our clients every day.

Category: Landscaping Services

Provides and services commercial snow plowing, snow removal, plowing. Found in the Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement, Home Improvement group in this directory.

Category: Commercial Snow Plowing, Snow Removal, Plowing

Offers a range of Low Cost Plowing for Area Companies looking for local-based but statewide-footprint solutions in the Greater MA market, with locations throughout the region.

Category: Low Cost Plowing For Area Companies

Provides full-service Low Cost Snowplowing services for customers. Visit http://mrsnow.net to take advantage of our special rates today.

Category: Low Cost Snowplowing

Providers of Home Improvement-related services and is located in MA for individuals and corporations looking for Snow Removal & Landscape Design. Look toTompkins Landscaping & Irrigation to solve those complex transactional details.

Category: Snow Removal & Landscape Design

Tompkins Landscaping & Irrigation offer our customers the greatest possible values on quality Massachusetts Snow Plowing services. Member since 2015

Category: Massachusetts Snow Plowing

Offers home improvement products that includes kitchen remodeling, bathroom updates. Since 2005, Better Homes Corporation has been listed in the Home Improvement directory.

Category: Kitchen Remodeling, Bathroom Updates

Better Homes Corporation offer our customers the greatest possible values on quality home remodeling, home construction services. Member since 2005.

Category: Home Remodeling, Home Construction

http://www.home-remodeling.org allows users to search for the best OH Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement company for the ideal home improvement, home remodeling ideas, home remodeling plans as a community partner.

Category: Home Improvement, Home Remodeling Ideas, Home Remodeling Plans

Shop Country Village Carpets in the Home Improvement category to find the best deals in MA.

Category: Home Improvement

Laughton Nursery

Category: Residential And Commercial Nursery

Provides full-service bathroom remodeling services for customers. Visit http://host.web-print-design.com/splashnh-02 to take advantage of our special rates today.

Category: Bathroom Remodeling

A manufacturer of Inexpensive sprinklers and located in MA, Tomkins House has been an Affordable Home Improvement supplier since 2009.

Category: Inexpensive Sprinklers

Tomkins House provides fantastic values on all the latest animal care trends in the Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement market. Specializes in North Andover landscaping. Located in MA, Tomkins House has been an Affordable Home Improvement supplier since 1998.

Category: North Andover Landscaping

Provides full-service Boston area landscaping services for customers needing landscaping and property maintenance services. Visit http://host.web-print-design.com/tompkins-02 to take advantage of our special rates today.

Category: Boston Area Landscaping

Retailer of Rivco Windows. Located in the Home Improvement directory since 2009, Window Medics strives to provide superior service and sell the highest quality products.

Category: Rivco Windows

Offers a range of services including plumbing, heating, air conditioning Nashua NH. MASI Plumbing has been a member since 2009 in the Home Improvement directory.

Category: Plumbing, Heating, Air Conditioning Nashua Nh

Retailer and online storefront for sheds, storage sheds, prefab sheds. Located in the Home Improvement directory since 2009, NE Outdoor strives to provide superior service and sell the highest quality products.

Category: Sheds, Storage Sheds, Prefab Sheds

Offers home improvement products that includes shed, sheds, storage unit, garden shed. Since 2007, Reeds Ferry has been listed in the Home Improvement directory.

Category: Shed, Sheds, Storage Unit, Garden Shed

shed, gazebo

Category: Shed, Gazebo

Specialize in kitchen and bath remodeling. Bay Area Kitchen and Windows has, since 2000, been listed in the Home Improvement directory.

Category: Kitchen And Bath Remodeling

Transformer Service, Inc.With over 50 years of experience, Transformer Service, Inc. offers complete testing, maintenance and repair services to electrical substation and distribution equipment including transformers, regulators, reclosers, switchgear, circuit breakers and relays to customers throughout the U.S. Specialties include transformers, regulators, reclosers. Directory partner since 2013.

Category: Electric Generator, Diesel Generator, Transfer Switch

Window Medics

Category: Rivco Window Parts & Replacements

Management & Repairs

A supplier of real estate services, property management, Washington DC and located in Washington DC, Peabody Real Estate has been an Affordable Management and Repairs supplier since 2008.

Category: Real Estate Services, Property Management, Washington Dc

Concord Gateway works with the e-business environment to assist commercial lease companies in NH with banquet room, function rooms, banquet hall wedding, NH, new hampshire in determining effective marketing strategy, procurement, and development within the Management and Repairs marketplace.

Category: Banquet Room, Function Rooms, Banquet Hall Wedding, Nh, New Hampshire

Provides full-service property management, property management massachusetts, boston services for customers needing POMEC, R&M, PPOMEC and other related commercial property management services. Visit http://host.web-print-design.com/upm2012 to take advantage of our special rates today.

Category: Property Management, Property Management Massachusetts, Boston

Based in MA, Tompkins Landscaping & Irrigation provides Low Cost Irrigation Systems as a Management and Repairs service located in Boston and northeastern Massachusetts.

Category: Low Cost Irrigation Systems

As one of the area's privately-owned Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement corporations, Tompkins Landscaping & Irrigation in MA Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement provides Low Cost Sprinklers. Member since 2015.

Category: Low Cost Sprinklers

Tompkins Landscaping & Irrigation has been a trusted partner for Massachusetts Irrigation Installation Management and Repairs fellow firms since 2015, providing sound resource management for Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement members.

Category: Massachusetts Irrigation Installation

Provides full-service Low Cost Plowing for Area Companies for customers needing landscaping and property maintenance services. Visit http://lowcostplowing.net to take advantage of our special rates today.

Category: Low Cost Plowing For Area Companies

Tompkins Landscaping & Irrigation offer our customers the greatest possible values on quality Noth Andover Snow Removal services. Member since 2015.

Category: Noth Andover Snow Removal

http://snowking.net allows users to search for the best MA Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement for the ideal Property Manager Snow Removal company as a community partner.

Category: Property Manager Snow Removal

Offers a range of Commercial Plumbing in Massahusetts solutions in the Greater MA market, with locations throughout the region.

Category: Commercial Plumbing In Massahusetts

Shop Reliable Exteriors in the Management and Repairs category to find the best deals in GA.

Category: Management And Repairs

As an institution, Trade Reference Network has been a good corporate sponsor for the MA construction employment recruiting industry. A member of the directory since 1999 in the Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement section.

Category: Construction Employment Recruiting Industry

Specialized in Management and Repairs with operations and headquarters in MA, Cape Ann Septic Services is a leading national provider of Construction Real Estate and Home Improvement. septic service MA. Directory listing since 2008.

Category: Septic Service Ma

Property Management

Domo is a registered member in the Property Management vertical market and services the area's needs. Visit us at http://host.web-print-design.com/domo to see how we're helping our clients every day.

Category: Handyman Services

Commercial real estate services company with operations in MA providing property management and apartment rentals throughout greater Lowell with the services local residents depend on. Initially a member of this listing since 1999. Member of the Property Management group.

Category: Property Management

Providers of Property Management-related services and is located in MA for individuals and corporations looking for commercial property management services. Look toPine Properties to solve the day-to-day operational details.

Category: Property Management

North American company selling to Property Management groups Lowell area apartment property management. Universal Property-1999 has been listed in Property Management since 2008.

Category: Lowell Area Apartment Property Management

Provides a complete range of Property Management. Located in MA, Sullivan Companies services a broad range of retail, business, and institutional clients. Filed with Property Management

Category: Property Management

As an institution, Howland Development #2 has been a good corporate sponsor for the MA commercial real estate industry. A member of the directory since 2009 in the Property Management section.

Category: Commercial Real Estate Industry

Search Engines

A leading business search engine and business directory designed to help its users find the companies, products, services, and information they need to make the right business decisions.

ALLTHEWEB
ALTAVISTA

AOL

EXCITE

GO

GOOGLE

GOTO

LOOKSMART

LYCOS

In order of popularity:

  • Dogpile
    Dogpile fetches and ranks results from multiple search engines, letting you search for key words, pictures, audio, video, news, or phone numbers from a single page. Filter results by language, date, or domain.
    www.dogpile.com
  • MetaCrawler
    Search service that relies on the databases of other search engines.
    www.metacrawler.com
  • CNET Search.com
    Searches dozens of leading search engines to bring you the best results.
    www.search.com
  • Mamma
    Mother of all search engines.
    www.mamma.com
  • Ixquick Metasearch
    Forwards searches to a user selected list of top search engines. Ranks results based on number of occurrences in queried engines.
    www.ixquick.com
  • ProFusion
    Search engine powered by Intelliseek.
    www.profusion.com
  • Vivísimo
    Offers organized search results with document clustering. Makers of the Clusty search engine.
    www.vivisimo.com
  • Highway 61 MetaCrawler
    www.highway61.com
  • Surfwax
    Meta-search engine that helps focus searches and provides real-time page summaries.
    www.surfwax.com
  • IceRocket
    Offers a metasearch search engine with thumbnail site previews and specialized tools for searching news, images, products, and more.
    www.icerocket.com
  • Clusty
    Clustering engine that allows users to narrow down searches to things like images, shopping, gossip, and news.
    www.clusty.com
  • Metafind
    Searches through all the large search engines and collates results.
    www.metafind.com
  • Debriefing
    Available in English and French.
    www.debriefing.com
  • Langenberg
    www.langenberg.com
  • Multimeta
    Simultaneous meta search in the top search engines. Features URL submission service, URL ranker, and meta tag generator.
    www.multimeta.com
  • SearchBug
    www.searchbug.com
  • Findspot
    An Internet searching gateway designed to assist users in creating searches that retrieve a manageable list of useful results.
    www.findspot.com
  • Web Search Engine
    www.web-search.com
  • MetaGopher
    Multi-engine search tool.
    www.metagopher.com
  • Webtaxi
    Provides a single interface for both parallel and nonparallel methods of searching multiple sites.
    www.webtaxi.com

MAGELLAN
MAMMA
MSN
NBCI
NETSCAPE
NORTHERNLIGHT
WEBCRAWLER
YAHOO
More...

In order of popularity:

  • Veoda Metasearch
    Combines search results for web pages, images, audio, groups, FTP sites, and news from a variety of popular search engines.
    www.veoda.com
  • Geniusfind
    Directory that categorizes topic-specific search engines and databases on the web.
    www.geniusfind.com
  • Proteus
    Javascript-enhanced all-in-one search engine.
    www.thrall.org/proteus.html
  • LinksToYou.com
    Links pointing to your web site to improve your search engine rankings.
    www.linkstoyou.com
  • supercrawler
    Combines the results of several search engines.
    www.supercrawler.com
  • ZapMeta
    Simultaneous search of multiple search engines from one interface.
    www.zapmeta.com
  • Search All in One MetaSearch
    Meta search engine which displays search results from multiple search engines, organized by relevancy.
    www.searchallinone.com
  • Query Server
    Meta search tool that searches a set of Web-enabled search engines and returns a single merged, ranked, and conceptually clustered list.
    www.queryserver.com
  • myGO
    A meta search engine and start page to the Web.
    www.mygo.com
  • OneSearch
    Searches up to 15 search engines.
    www.onesearch.com
  • RedeSearch
    Searches many of the largest search engines and directories at once using key words.
    www.redesearch.com
  • Family Friendly Search
    Searches several kids-safe sites at the same time.
    www.familyfriendlysearch.com
  • Bigall Search
    Searches leading search engines and includes results from its own content pages.
    www.bigall.com
  • SearchTurtle.com
    Aims to make web searching and navigation simpler by using 'remote control' style buttons.
    www.searchturtle.com
  • Spire Project Light
    Unified search engine search with syntax translation, forms to news resources, and more.
    www.spireproject.com
  • VROOSH !
    Provides multilingual meta searches for specific countries or materials.
    www.vroosh.com
  • Searches.com
    www.searches.com
  • Argus Music Searcher
    Multisearch generator that uses artist names and/or album titles to return results from the web and usenet. Most major commercial search services are used.
    www.musicsearcher.com
  • FindIt.com
    Assists in finding web sites, MP3, news headlines, people, and more.
    www.findit.com

 

business directory | corporate, financial & education directory | real estate & search engine directory | manufacturing directory | software, non-profit & retailers directory | company directory

Answer Over 70% of our business is to OEM accounts. Click on the link to our OEM Capabilities page to learn more. Then contact us so that we might propose a laser to meet your needs. Our staff of optical, electrical, and mechanical engineers is experienced in devising and implementing practical and cost-effective laser solutions.

Question What is a nitrogen laser?

Answer The word laser is an acronym of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A laser consists of a cavity filled with lasable material and fitted with mirrors at both ends. The molecules of a lasable material are capable of being excited or pumped to a semistable state by an electric discharge or light. The light emitted by a molecule as it drops back to the ground state releases light from other nearby, excited molecules. Light oscillates back and forth between the mirrors and continually increases in intensity. If one mirror is made to transmit part of the light, a brilliant beam of highly monochromatic, coherent radiation is emitted through the mirror. In our nitrogen lasers, a spark gap excites or pumps the nitrogen gas molecules in the laser cavity. The laser produces pulsed radiation at 337.1 nm in the UV.

Question Why is the nitrogen laser pulsed?

Answer When nitrogen molecules are pumped to the excited state, they de-excite first to an intermediate excited state and then to the ground state. The upper excited state of nitrogen has an extremely short lifetime (40 ns) compared to the intermediate level (10 µs). By rapid pumping with a fast spark gap switch, the upper level is momentarily populated. Because the lower level has a much longer lifetime, it soon dominates and stops the laser amplification. The excited state is repopulated by the spark gap and laser radiation is produced again until the lower level once again dominates. Our nitrogen lasers deliver pulses on the order of 4 ns in duration.

Question How can I use a pulsed laser when my experiment requires CW (continuous wave) radiation?

Answer We would like you to talk to us about your application. In many cases, pulsed sources have advantages. A pulsed laser can deliver much greater peak power than a CW laser of comparable size. The pulsed laser can produce the desired effect such as laser induced fluorescence or ablation (microsurgery), but because the laser is off most of the time, damage to the sample matrix is sharply reduced or eliminated. Because the source is pulsed or modulated, the sample signal can often be separated from other signals such as noise or fluorescence. In such a case, detection limits can be drastically decreased. Materials can be detected at lower concentrations and smaller samples can be measured. Our technical staff can help you configure a system for your experiment. We have experience in detecting pulsed light. Please talk to us before you decide.

Question How can I detect pulsed light?

Answer There are many ways to detect pulsed light. Fast detectors such as photodiodes and PMTs (photomultiplier tubes) can detect individual pulses from our lasers. A gated integrator connected to the detector captures the detector response. The laser and the gated integrator are simultaneously triggered from a TTL pulse. As an example, the laser radiation may interact with a sample to produce fluorescence. When the fluorescent emission strikes the detector, the gated integrator captures the total photocurrent during the fluorescence decay. Again, we will be happy to help you configure a system to perform your experiments.

Question How long will my laser last?

Answer Laser energy output decreases with both time and usage. Our nitrogen plasma cartridges are warranted to maintain at least 70% of their energy for twenty million pulses or two years, whichever occurs first. Our µ-TEA CO2 plasma cartridge has a warranted lifetime of greater than 5 million shots or one year, whichever occurs first. Replacement plasma cartridges include all the components that deteriorate with usage: energy storage capacitors, the switching element, the plasma tube and mirrors, the electrodes, and the preionizers. Once the plasma cartridge is replaced, the laser performs like new again, and at a fraction of the cost!

Question What is the relationship between energy, average power, and peak power?

Answer A nitrogen laser output waveform taken from an oscilloscope is shown below. This waveform represents laser output power as a function of time. The highest point on the waveform is the peak power and is specified as 75 kW for our VSL-337ND-S nitrogen laser. The waveform is roughly triangular in shape. The pulse width is given as 4 ns FWHM (Full Width Half Maximum), which means the measurement points are taken at the half-power points of the waveform.

The total power under the waveform curve or the integrated power in the pulse represents the laser energy, specified at 300 µJ for the VSL-337ND-S. The average power represents the average value of the laser power waveform from the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next. As pulse repetition rate is increased, the pulses occur closer together, but the pulse size and shape are unchanged. Therefore average power increases with pulse repetition rate.

The peak power is the energy divided by the pulse width. For the VSL-337ND-S: 300 µJ / 4ns = 75kW

VSL-337ND-S nitrogen laser output waveform.

Question How can I measure pulse energy?

Answer Laser energy is commonly measured with a joule meter or a power meter. A power meter is used for CW (continuous wave) lasers. Typically the electronics in a power meter are not fast enough to capture the short (4 ns) pulse from our nitrogen lasers. A joule meter along with a pyroelectric detector are used to measure pulse energy on our nitrogen lasers. This combined system must have the sensitivity to measure microjoules of pulse energy, frequencies up to 60 Hz, be appropriate for the wavelength you are measuring, and have a large enough detective head to capture the entire beam. Proper placement of the detector in the laser beam path is critical. It should be placed at a small angle, so the laser beam is not reflected back into the laser, resulting in an inaccurate, unstable energy measurement.

Question How small of a spot size can I focus my laser down to?

Answer The focused spot size depends on the wavelength of laser light, the beam divergence of the laser, and the focal length of the lens. An aberration corrected microscope objective is used for achieving the smallest spots. With such a lens, our VSL-337ND-S nitrogen laser with output at 337 nm and a beam divergence of 0.3 mrad, can be focused to less than 1 µm. Our dye lasers have a beam divergence of 4 mrads. A dye laser tuned to 500 nm can be focused to a spot of about 8 µm.

Question Can you attach your laser to my microscope?

Answer To use our laser to microscope adapters, the microscope must have an EPI port or EPI-fluorescence illuminator. Our laser to microscope adapters attach to the EPI port. The microscope filter cube must have a dichroic mirror that reflects the laser wavelength to the sample and a barrier filter to block any laser light reflected to the eyepiece. The exciter filter is removed. We offer a mirror housing that accommodates the attachment of multiple light sources to the EPI port. Because we customize each laser to microscope adapter, we will send you a Microscope Measurement Kit and ask you to make a few simple determinations. This way we can select the optimum optical components to attach our laser to your microscope. To learn more go to the Microbeam System page or contact us directly.

Can’t find your question here? See Make Your Own FAQ!

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Laser Science, Inc.

8E Forge Parkway
Franklin, MA 02038

Phone: 999-999-9999
Fax: 999-999-9999